Technological advancements in the field of artificial intelligence have led to significant transformations in criminal processes and penal policymaking, especially in the stage of imprisonment enforcement. The integration of AI into the criminal justice system particularly in the execution of prison sentences promises not only enhanced efficiency and procedural acceleration but also improvements in prisoners' rights, rehabilitation effectiveness, and reduction of prison populations. This study aims to analyze the technical and legal capacities of employing AI in the execution of imprisonment, focusing on its impacts on traditional judicial structures, modern prison functionalities, ethical and legal requirements, and the rehabilitative potential of AI-based systems. First, the paper explores how AI transforms judicial processes such as data-driven court orders, automated case management, and predictive analysis of criminal records. Second, it investigates the role of intelligent systems in prison management, including risk assessment, behavioral monitoring, and implementation of electronic surveillance. Ethical and legal concerns such as privacy protection, algorithmic transparency, and institutional accountability are also discussed. Furthermore, AI’s role in enhancing prisoner rehabilitation is examined through personalized psychological, behavioral, and educational programs. Finally, a comparative legal analysis highlights the implementation of AI in prison systems in jurisdictions such as the United States, the Netherlands, and China. The findings suggest that purposeful and responsible use of AI can transform the execution of imprisonment into a more humane, effective, and justice-oriented process.