Public rights, as one of the most fundamental expressions of collective interests, play a decisive role in ensuring public order, social well-being, and the realization of criminal justice. In this context, the prosecutor, as a central institution in the criminal policy framework, bears the critical responsibility of safeguarding public rights, both in the stage of crime prevention and in the criminal prosecution of offenses that violate these rights. However, the manner and extent of the effectiveness of the prosecutor’s criminal policy in this domain have always been subject to debate and challenge. The aim of this study is to elucidate and analyze the functions of the prosecutor’s criminal policy in preventing and prosecuting crimes that infringe public rights, as well as to assess the extent to which it effectively protects collective interests. The primary research question is: To what extent has the prosecutor’s criminal policy been able, through preventive and prosecutorial mechanisms, to prevent the violation of public rights and to respond effectively to such crimes? This study employs a descriptive–analytical method and relies on library resources, legal documents, and judicial precedents. The findings indicate that although the prosecutor possesses significant capacities in the prevention and prosecution of crimes violating public rights, ambiguities in the concept of public rights, institutional limitations, and weak coordination among relevant agencies reduce the full effectiveness of these policies. Consequently, strengthening the legal foundations, developing non-criminal preventive approaches, and enhancing the active role of the prosecutor can lead to a more effective realization of public rights protection.