Analysis of Crimes Related to Speculation Iranian and French Criminal Law

The phenomenon of speculation, which consists of two crimes: illegal land acquisition and unauthorized land use change, is a widespread problem in society that not only accounts for a significant portion of legal cases, but also, as deep-rooted crimes, provides the basis for numerous other crimes. This issue requires special attention from the judiciary, legislators, and government institutions to prevent the spread of this ominous phenomenon and its consequences through careful investigation and effective investigation .Speculation is one of the important legal and economic problems in many countries, including France, which manifests itself in various forms, including illegal acquisition, unauthorized change of use, forgery of property documents, and abuse of property rights. In the French legal system, land is considered not only as a personal asset but also as an essential element in urban planning, economic development, and environmental protection. Therefore, numerous laws have been enacted to control the legitimate use of land and prevent illegal acquisitions. French law, by utilizing judicial practice and principles such as the prohibition of abuse of rights and the protection of public interests, has attempted to strike a proper balance between the rights of owners and the interests of society. The purpose of this study is to analyze crimes related to speculation in the criminal laws of Iran and France. The findings confirm that the implementation of the cadastre plan is a fundamental and urgent solution to speculation In addition, appointing specialized judges to handle related cases, defining speculation precisely in the laws, and strengthening judicial supervision and justice are other necessary measures in this regard. These strategies can effectively play a role in preventing and combating this social problem.